Choosing the best wheel stand for VR sim racing involves balancing stability, adjustability, and ease of use within limited space. The Next Level Racing Wheel Stand Lite 2.0 stands out for its compact design and solid performance, making it ideal for those with limited space. The Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand is a top choice for serious racers seeking compatibility with high-end direct drive wheels. However, tradeoffs include weight, setup complexity, and price. Continue reading for a detailed comparison to find the perfect fit for your racing setup.
Listen free for 30 days with Audible
Thousands of audiobooks and originals — cancel anytime.
Start your free trialAs an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
Key Takeaways
- The best wheel stands combine stability with adjustability to suit different racing styles and body sizes.
- Compact and foldable options are ideal for limited space but may sacrifice some rigidity compared to larger stands.
- Compatibility varies widely; selecting a stand that supports your wheel and pedal setup is crucial to avoid frustration.
- Price often correlates with build quality and features; higher-end models tend to offer better durability and customization.
- Ease of setup and storage is a key factor for users who frequently change or relocate their VR racing setups.
| ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing Wheel Stand with Chair Fixing |  | Best Overall for Versatile Comfort and Stability | Structure: Enhanced stability with upgraded frame | Legroom: Larger frame for more space | Adjustability: Height, angle, and distance adjustable via knobs | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Next Level Racing Wheel Stand Lite 2.0 |  | Best for Beginners and Compact Storage | Adjustments: Height, distance, and angle | Compatibility: Wheels, pedals, shifters up to 10 N.M. | Includes: Gaming chair cradle, gear shifter support | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| DiWangus Foldable & Adjustable Sim Racing Wheel Stand with Shifter Mount |  | Best for Multi-Platform Compatibility and Space Saving | Compatible Devices: PlayStation 3/4/5, Xbox One, Xbox Series S/X, Windows | Controller Type: Pedals, Steering Wheel | Connectivity Technology: USB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Grefinity Racing Wheel Stand, Height Adjustable Steering Wheel Stand |  | Best for Compatibility and Custom Fit | Compatibility: Logitech G920, G25, G27, G29, Trustmaster T300RS, T500RS, Fanatec, and more | Material: High-strength carbon steel | Adjustability: Height, pedal angles, shifter position | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Next Level Racing Wheel Stand 2.0 |  | Best for Versatile Upgradability and Compatibility | Foldable design: Yes | Adjustability: Full range for wheel and pedal plate | Compatibility: Logitech, Thrustmaster, Fanatec, Moza Racing | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Racing Wheel Stand, Height Adjustable & Foldable Steering Wheel Stand Compatible with Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920 |  | Best for Space-Saving Flexibility | Compatible Models: Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920, T300, T300RS, T150, TX, F458, T500RS | Adjustable Height: 25.6″ to 31.9″ | Unfolded Dimensions: 25.6″ H x 23″ L x 19.3″ W | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| GTPLAYER Sim Racing Wheel Stand Simulator Cockpit for Logitech G25 G27 G29 G920 G923 Thrustmaster T330TS |  | Best for Compatibility and Custom Comfort | Compatibility: Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920, G923, Thrustmaster T300RS, TX, F458, T500RS, T3PA-PRO, CSR pedals | Adjustment: 20-degree tilt, 20cm height adjustment | Material: High-strength carbon steel | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand Compatible with Logitech G Pro, Logitech RS50, Thrustmaster T818/T598, Moza R9/R5/R3, Fanatec GT DD Pro/CSL DD/CSL Elite |  | Best for Sturdy, Professional-Grade Support | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown | |||
| ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing Wheel Stand, Compact Racing Simulator Cockpit |  | Best for Versatile, Space-Saving Comfort | Adjustable wheel tilt: -5° to +5° | Pedal angle: +5° to +10° | Height adjustment: 25.3″ to 32.6″ | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| wheel stands for VR sim racing | Compatibility |
|---|---|
| ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing | Supports Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, Simagic, and more |
| Next Level Racing Wheel Stand | Wheels, pedals, shifters up to 10 N.M. |
| DiWangus Foldable & Adjustable | — |
| Grefinity Racing Wheel Stand | Logitech G920, G25, G27, G29, Trustmaster T300RS, T500RS, Fanatec, and more |
| Next Level Racing Wheel Stand | Logitech, Thrustmaster, Fanatec, Moza Racing |
| Racing Wheel Stand | — |
| GTPLAYER Sim Racing Wheel Stan | Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920, G923, Thrustmaster T300RS, TX, F458, T500RS, T3PA-PRO, CSR pedals |
| Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand Compa | — |
| ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing | Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, Simagic, and more |
More Details on Our Top Picks
ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing Wheel Stand with Chair Fixing
This stand stands out for its roomier design and comprehensive adjustability, making it an excellent choice for those who prioritize comfort and customization. Compared with the Next Level Racing Wheel Stand 2.0, it offers a larger frame and chair fixing options, which significantly enhance immersion and stability. However, its foldability can slightly compromise rigidity during high-torque sessions, and assembly may take some time. The upgraded, sturdy frame supports a wide variety of gear, making it a flexible pick for serious sim racers who value a personalized setup without sacrificing stability.
Pros:- Stable and sturdy construction supports high-torque wheels
- Larger frame provides ample legroom for long sessions
- Fully adjustable height, angle, and distance for personalized fit
- Supports a wide range of racing gear including Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, and Simagic
Cons:- Foldable design may reduce some stability during aggressive racing
- Requires assembly and fine-tuning for optimal comfort
Best for: Advanced sim racers seeking maximum comfort, stability, and compatibility with high-torque wheels
Not ideal for: Budget-conscious beginners or those who prefer lightweight, minimal setups due to its larger size and assembly complexity
- Structure:Enhanced stability with upgraded frame
- Legroom:Larger frame for more space
- Adjustability:Height, angle, and distance adjustable via knobs
- Compatibility:Supports Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, Simagic, and more
- Foldable:Yes
- Additional features:Chair fixing slot, anti-slip feet
Our verdict“This stand is ideal for serious racers who need a stable, customizable, and spacious platform, willing to handle assembly complexity.”
Next Level Racing Wheel Stand Lite 2.0
This model makes the most sense for entry-level racers or those with limited space, thanks to its foldable and upgradeable design. Its inclusion of a gaming chair cradle adds stability, making it a better choice than many basic stands for casual use. Unlike the Grefinity Racing Wheel Stand, the Lite 2.0 is more versatile with adjustable height and angle, though it is limited to entry-level gear and requires additional purchases to reach full cockpit functionality. For new racers or those testing the waters, it offers a balance of affordability, portability, and future upgrade options.
Pros:- Foldable for easy storage and space efficiency
- Adjustable for a comfortable fit
- Includes a gaming chair cradle for added stability
- Upgradeable into a full cockpit with additional purchases
Cons:- Limited to entry-level wheels and shifters
- Requires additional investment to upgrade into a full setup
Best for: Beginners or casual racers seeking an affordable, space-saving stand with upgrade potential
Not ideal for: Experienced sim racers with high-end gear who need maximum stability and advanced features
- Adjustments:Height, distance, and angle
- Compatibility:Wheels, pedals, shifters up to 10 N.M.
- Includes:Gaming chair cradle, gear shifter support
- Upgradeability:Yes, into full cockpit with add-on
Our verdict“This stand suits new or casual racers who want a flexible, space-conscious platform with room to grow into a full cockpit later.”
DiWangus Foldable & Adjustable Sim Racing Wheel Stand with Shifter Mount
This stand excels in offering broad device compatibility, supporting PlayStation 3/4/5, Xbox One, Xbox Series S/X, and PC, making it a versatile choice. Its heavy-duty steel frame and foldable design ensure stability and space efficiency, though the wheel, shifter, and pedals are sold separately, which can add to the total cost. Compared with the Grefinity Stand, it provides more adjustable options and supports multiple consoles, but the assembly may be more involved, and it’s less suitable for high-torque setups. It makes sense for gamers who want a space-saving, multi-platform solution without high-end hardware.
Pros:- Compatible with a wide range of consoles and PC
- Foldable design for space-saving storage
- Adjustable height and pedal angles for comfort
- Heavy-duty steel construction ensures durability
Cons:- Wheel, shifter, and pedals are sold separately, increasing overall cost
- Assembly can be time-consuming despite pre-assembly features
Best for: Console gamers or PC users seeking a space-efficient, adjustable stand with broad device compatibility
Not ideal for: High-end racers or those with high-torque wheels who need maximum rigidity and integrated hardware
- Compatible Devices:PlayStation 3/4/5, Xbox One, Xbox Series S/X, Windows
- Controller Type:Pedals, Steering Wheel
- Connectivity Technology:USB
- Additional Features:Foldable
- Hardware Platform:PlayStation 5
- Item Weight:9.59 kg
Our verdict“This stand suits gamers with multi-platform needs seeking a stable, foldable solution that doesn’t compromise on compatibility.”
Grefinity Racing Wheel Stand, Height Adjustable Steering Wheel Stand
This stand is highly compatible with major brands like Logitech, Fanatec, and Trustmaster, thanks to its adjustable height, pedal, and shifter positions. Its durable carbon steel construction and anti-slip pads provide excellent stability during intense racing, and its foldability makes storage straightforward. However, like others in its class, it doesn’t include wheels or pedals, requiring buyers to invest separately. Compared to the Next Level Racing Wheel Stand 2.0, it offers more compatibility with specific wheel brands but may involve more setup time and adjustment. It’s best suited for racers who already own compatible gear and want a highly customizable platform.
Pros:- Supports major racing wheel brands and models
- Fully adjustable for personalized comfort
- Foldable for storage convenience
- Made of high-strength carbon steel for durability
Cons:- Wheels, shifters, and pedals are sold separately
- May require time for fine-tuning and assembly
- Limited to compatible wheel models
Best for: Owners of compatible wheel setups seeking a sturdy, adjustable, and space-efficient stand
Not ideal for: Beginners or those new to sim racing who do not yet own compatible hardware, due to the need for separate purchase
- Compatibility:Logitech G920, G25, G27, G29, Trustmaster T300RS, T500RS, Fanatec, and more
- Material:High-strength carbon steel
- Adjustability:Height, pedal angles, shifter position
- Foldable:Yes
- Stability Features:Anti-slip rubber pads, thick steel pipes
Our verdict“This stand is ideal for experienced owners seeking a fully adjustable, compatible, and stable platform for their high-end gear.”
Next Level Racing Wheel Stand 2.0
This stand makes a compelling choice for those wanting a fully adjustable and upgradeable platform. Its support for major brands like Logitech, Thrustmaster, and Fanatec, along with the ability to add a shifter and handbrake, offers flexibility that surpasses simpler, non-upgradable options like the Wheel Stand Lite 2.0. The inclusion of a game chair cradle enhances stability during heavy braking, but the need to purchase the GTSeat add-on for a full cockpit setup means additional costs. It’s perfect for racers who want a solid foundation now and the option to expand later.
Pros:- Foldable for storage and space efficiency
- Highly adjustable for comfort and fit
- Supports shifter and handbrake attachments
- Compatible with major wheel brands like Logitech, Thrustmaster, and Fanatec
Cons:- Requires purchase of GTSeat add-on for full cockpit
- Assembly may involve tools and extra setup time
- Additional costs for complete setup
Best for: Intermediate to advanced racers planning to upgrade to a full cockpit setup over time
Not ideal for: Budget users or beginners who prefer a ready-to-go fully integrated setup without additional investments
- Foldable design:Yes
- Adjustability:Full range for wheel and pedal plate
- Compatibility:Logitech, Thrustmaster, Fanatec, Moza Racing
- Supports gear shifter and handbrake:Yes
- Upgradeable to full cockpit:Yes, with GTSeat add-on
- Additional features:Game Chair Cradle prevents sliding under heavy braking
Our verdict“This stand suits racers seeking a reliable, adjustable, and upgrade-ready foundation for their sim racing experience with future expansion in mind.”
Racing Wheel Stand, Height Adjustable & Foldable Steering Wheel Stand Compatible with Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920
This stand stands out for its combination of adjustable height and foldability, making it ideal for players who need a versatile solution that easily fits into limited space. Compared with the Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand, it offers a more compact foldable design, though it lacks the robust stability of the latter when fully loaded. The steel construction and anti-slip mats provide a stable experience, but users should note that the wheel, pedals, and shifters are not included, requiring additional purchases. Its adjustable angle and height make it highly customizable for comfort, yet the setup can be somewhat complex for beginners unfamiliar with assembly. Overall, this is best suited for gamers who prioritize space efficiency and adjustable comfort over raw sturdiness.
Pros:- Adjustable height and angle for personalized comfort
- Foldable design for easy storage and space saving
- Stable with anti-slip mats and sturdy steel construction
Cons:- Wheels, steering wheel, pedals, and gear shifters not included
- May require additional setup for different wheel models
Best for: Players with limited space who want a customizable, foldable stand.
Not ideal for: Serious sim racers seeking maximum stability and included accessories, as it lacks built-in mounting options for pedals and shifters.
- Compatible Models:Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920, T300, T300RS, T150, TX, F458, T500RS
- Adjustable Height:25.6″ to 31.9″
- Unfolded Dimensions:25.6″ H x 23″ L x 19.3″ W
- Folded Dimensions:34.3″ H x 19.3″ L x 8.4″ W
- Material:Steel tubes
- Features:Adjustable angle, foldable, anti-slip mat
Our verdict“This stand is perfect for casual racers who need a compact, adjustable setup that can be stored easily.”
GTPLAYER Sim Racing Wheel Stand Simulator Cockpit for Logitech G25 G27 G29 G920 G923 Thrustmaster T330TS
This model excels in offering universal compatibility across multiple brands, including Logitech and Thrustmaster, making it a flexible choice for diverse setups. Compared with the Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand, it provides more adjustment options, including a 20-degree tilt and 20cm height variation, catering to players who want a highly personalized fit. Its durable high-strength carbon steel frame ensures stability during aggressive racing, but assembly can be somewhat effortful, especially for those unfamiliar with gear setups. Note that the wheel, pedals, and shifter are not included, so it’s best suited for users who already own compatible gear. Overall, this stand fits well for serious racers needing extensive customization and durable construction, though it demands a bit more effort to assemble.
Pros:- Universal compatibility with many racing wheel brands and models
- Fully adjustable for personalized comfort
- Sturdy construction ensures stability during intense gameplay
- Foldable for easy storage and portability
Cons:- Wheel, shifter, and pedals are not included
- Assembly may require effort and patience
Best for: Experienced sim racers who want broad compatibility and precise adjustment.
Not ideal for: Beginners or casual players who prefer ready-to-use setups with included accessories, as assembly complexity might be a barrier.
- Compatibility:Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920, G923, Thrustmaster T300RS, TX, F458, T500RS, T3PA-PRO, CSR pedals
- Adjustment:20-degree tilt, 20cm height adjustment
- Material:High-strength carbon steel
- Foldable:Yes
- Wheels:5 fixed, 2 sliding
Our verdict“This stand is designed for dedicated sim racers seeking durability and extensive customization, willing to handle a more involved setup process.”
Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand Compatible with Logitech G Pro, Logitech RS50, Thrustmaster T818/T598, Moza R9/R5/R3, Fanatec GT DD Pro/CSL DD/CSL Elite
This stand earns its place for those who prioritize stability and compatibility with high-end wheel setups. Its sturdy build and wide range of supported wheels, like Fanatec and Moza, make it suitable for serious sim racers. Compared with the GTPLAYER Stand, it offers a more robust platform, though it provides less in the way of adjustable features. The lack of included wheel and pedals means it’s a dedicated base for enthusiasts who already own compatible gear. Its simple design emphasizes durability over customization, making it less ideal for players who want extensive adjustability. Overall, this stand is best for users who need a reliable, professional-grade platform to support their high-end racing wheels.
Pros:- Compatible with multiple high-end racing wheel brands
- Sturdy, durable construction for intense use
- Simple, reliable platform without unnecessary complexity
Cons:- Wheel and pedals are not included
- Limited adjustability and features compared to other stands
Best for: Advanced sim racers seeking a stable, durable platform for premium wheels.
Not ideal for: Casual or budget-conscious players who want adjustable features and included accessories, as it offers limited customization and no bundled gear.
Our verdict“This stand is ideal for serious sim racers with premium gear who need a stable, no-nonsense platform.”
ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing Wheel Stand, Compact Racing Simulator Cockpit
The ARES WING Foldable Stand combines adjustability and portability, making it suitable for racers who play in limited spaces. Its fully adjustable wheel tilt and pedal angle, along with height settings, allow for a comfortable fit, similar to the GTPLAYER Stand. Compared to the more rigid Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand, it offers greater flexibility for different body sizes and preferences, while its reinforced steel frame ensures stability. The foldable design makes storage straightforward, but setup can take some time and may require additional effort for compatibility with various gear. It’s best suited for users who value versatility and space efficiency over ultra-high stability. Overall, this stand fits well for casual to intermediate racers needing a customizable and portable option.
Pros:- Fully adjustable for personalized comfort
- Foldable design simplifies storage
- Compatible with most major racing gear
- Stable and durable construction
Cons:- Wheel, shifter, and pedals are not included
- May require additional setup time for optimal compatibility
Best for: Players with limited space who want a fully adjustable and foldable stand for comfort and storage.
Not ideal for: Heavy-duty racers or those with high-end, large wheels who require maximum stability and no assembly hassle.
- Adjustable wheel tilt:-5° to +5°
- Pedal angle:+5° to +10°
- Height adjustment:25.3″ to 32.6″
- Compatibility:Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, Simagic, and more
- Frame material:Reinforced steel
- Feet:Anti-slip
Our verdict“This stand offers a flexible, space-efficient solution for casual and intermediate racers who need adjustability and easy storage.”
How We Picked
I evaluated each wheel stand based on build quality, stability, adjustability, compatibility with various wheel and pedal models, ease of assembly, and overall value. I prioritized products that offer versatile configurations for different user needs, from casual racers to serious enthusiasts. The ranking reflects a balance of performance, usability, and price, ensuring that each stand provides a distinct advantage for specific types of buyers. I also considered customer feedback and industry reputation to ensure reliability and long-term satisfaction.| wheel stands for VR sim racing | Compatibility |
|---|---|
| ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing | Supports Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, Simagic, and more |
| Next Level Racing Wheel Stand | Wheels, pedals, shifters up to 10 N.M. |
| DiWangus Foldable & Adjustable | — |
| Grefinity Racing Wheel Stand | Logitech G920, G25, G27, G29, Trustmaster T300RS, T500RS, Fanatec, and more |
| Next Level Racing Wheel Stand | Logitech, Thrustmaster, Fanatec, Moza Racing |
| Racing Wheel Stand | — |
| GTPLAYER Sim Racing Wheel Stan | Logitech G25, G27, G29, G920, G923, Thrustmaster T300RS, TX, F458, T500RS, T3PA-PRO, CSR pedals |
| Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand Compa | — |
| ARES WING Foldable Sim Racing | Fanatec, Thrustmaster, Logitech, Moza, Simagic, and more |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Wheel Stands For VR Sim Racing
When selecting the best wheel stand for VR sim racing, it’s important to consider several factors that influence your overall experience and setup longevity. While price is a key consideration, focusing on compatibility and stability will prevent frustration and costly returns. Adjustability ensures comfort during long sessions, while foldability helps manage space. Understanding these core factors can help you make an informed choice that matches your racing ambitions and living space.Compatibility with Your Wheel and Pedals
Not all wheel stands support every racing wheel or pedal set. Verify that the stand is compatible with your existing gear or planned purchase. Some models support popular brands like Logitech, Thrustmaster, Fanatec, and Moza, but may lack support for less common or newer models. Choosing a versatile stand that accommodates multiple wheel sizes and pedal configurations can save you money and hassle in the long run.
Stability and Build Quality
Stability is essential for an immersive VR experience, where even minor movements can cause frustration. Higher-quality stands often feature steel frames, non-slip feet, and reinforced joints. Cheaper or foldable models might wobble or shift during aggressive turns, reducing realism and risking gear damage. Assess user reviews for insights into how well a stand holds up under intense use before making a decision.
Adjustability and Ergonomics
Adjustability in height, angle, and distance ensures you can customize the setup for comfort and optimal control. Poorly adjustable stands may cause discomfort or fatigue over time, especially during long VR sessions. Look for models that allow quick adjustments and lock securely into position. This flexibility helps create a more natural racing posture, enhancing immersion and reducing strain.
Space and Portability
VR racing often requires a compact setup, so consider how much space the stand occupies and whether it folds or disassembles easily. Foldable or lightweight models are ideal for users with limited room or those who frequently move their setup. However, these may sometimes compromise rigidity. Balance your need for portability with the stability required for realistic racing feedback.
Price and Long-Term Value
Higher-priced stands generally offer better durability, stability, and compatibility, but may be unnecessary for casual or beginner racers. Conversely, budget options can be adequate for casual VR racing but might lack longevity or precise adjustability. Investing in a slightly more expensive model often results in a more satisfying, long-term setup that withstands intensive use without deterioration.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use a wheel stand for all types of VR headsets?
Yes, most wheel stands are compatible with various VR headsets since they do not interfere with the head-mounted display. The key is choosing a stand that supports your wheel and pedal setup securely and allows enough space for your VR headset to fit comfortably. Ensure that the stand’s dimensions and adjustability suit your specific VR and racing gear combination.
Is a foldable wheel stand as stable as a fixed one?
Foldable wheel stands tend to be less rigid than fixed options because they rely on quick-release mechanisms and lightweight materials. However, many modern foldable models incorporate reinforced frames and anti-slip features to provide acceptable stability for casual racing. For more aggressive driving or high-torque wheels, a non-folding, more robust stand will usually deliver better performance.
How important is adjustability for VR racing comfort?
Adjustability is crucial for comfort during VR racing, especially since long sessions can lead to fatigue or discomfort if the setup isn’t tailored to your body. Proper height, angle, and distance adjustments help you maintain a natural, ergonomic posture. This not only improves control but also reduces strain on your wrists, back, and neck, making your racing experience more enjoyable and sustainable.
Should I prioritize compatibility over price?
Absolutely. Compatibility ensures that your existing or future gear will fit and perform correctly, which is essential for a seamless experience. While cheaper stands might seem appealing initially, they often lack support for high-end wheels or multiple pedal setups. Investing in a compatible, quality stand can save you from costly upgrades or replacements later on, making it a smarter long-term choice.
Can I upgrade my wheel stand later if I want better performance?
Many wheel stands are designed with modularity and compatibility in mind, allowing you to upgrade or swap components as your setup evolves. For example, some stands support direct drive wheels or more precise pedal systems. When choosing a stand, consider its expandability and support for future gear upgrades to extend its lifespan and utility as your VR racing skills grow.
Conclusion
For casual VR racers or those with limited space, the Next Level Racing Wheel Stand Lite 2.0 offers a great balance of affordability, portability, and stability. Serious enthusiasts or those with high-end gear should consider the Wheel Stand Pro DD Stand for its superior compatibility and build quality. Beginners will benefit from models with easy adjustability and straightforward setup, like the DiWangus Foldable & Adjustable Stand. Meanwhile, users prioritizing durability and premium features should look at advanced options like the Grefinity Racing Wheel Stand or ARES WING Foldable Stand. Matching your specific needs with these categories will ensure a satisfying VR sim racing experience.Flea & tick season Picks
flea and tick prevention
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.
